2026 年 3 月 12 日发布
上层大气指的是 80 km 至 400 km 高处的大气层。这层大气位于地球大气层和外太空之间的边界区域,其中的一部分处于离子化的等离子体状态。等离子体与大气之间的相互作用导致两个半球极地大气中出现极光。在中低纬度地区,还存在一种称为夜间辉光的发光现象。
总之,“观测极光”是指极光有多种类型,有多个观测点。作为一个研究主题,这是一个非常多样化的领域,极光不仅在外观上是神秘的,而且这种现象还未被完全理解。难怪有人说这是一种神秘的现象。
这次,我们对 Professor Yoshizumi Miyoshi of the Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University 就上层大气动态的测量以及高灵敏度、高分辨率和高速成像的重要性进行了提问。Professor Yoshizumi Miyoshi致力于研究极光的光辉中的发光现象的高速成像。
-能否谈谈通过观测极光可以了解到什么?观测极光的目的是什么?
极光是外太空的电子和离子落入地球上层大气并发光的现象。因此,研究极光的辉度、移动和形状可以为我们提供了解外太空正在发生的事情的线索。极光观测有着悠久的历史,在此期间,人们不断引入相机、CCD、EM-CCD 和 CMOS 等新型辅助观测装置。
高速度精准观测极光的时代已经到来,我们发现了越来越多肉眼不可见的极光的剧烈变化和精细结构。换言之,外太空存在着一种能够引发如此快速变化和微小变化的机理,这一事实表明外太空中正在发生这样一种新机理。当然,极光非常美丽,赏心悦目,但就太空研究而言,追踪这些现象中出现的快速、微小且肉眼不可见的微弱发光现象已至关重要。我通过前沿极光研究,感受到新时代的到来。
简单介绍一下我们研究小组的工作,比如 2016 年 JAXA 发射了一颗叫 Arase 的卫星,它可观测太空中电子和离子(称为等离子体)的变化以及电场和磁场(称为等离子体波)的波动。目前,一台 EM-CCD 相机正在观测上层大气中发光的极光,该相机通过磁场线与 Arase 卫星相连。我们正在通过将卫星和地面观测相结合,对 EM-CCD 相机观测到的极光与宇宙中正在发生的现象之间的关系进行研究;例如,“当观测到这种极光时,太空中正在发生什么?” 我们使用 EM-CCD 相机以 100 Hz 的速度连续进行极光成像,从而看到了只有以这种高速度才能看到的世界,因此我们希望弄清产生这种现象的机理。
观测(相机:ImagEM® X2 EM-CCD 相机)
-您向我们讲述了随着研究的推进,相机检测性能不断提升的发展历史。在当前和未来的研究中,您希望看到相机发生哪些演化?
当然,在极光中看到什么取决于研究人员,但我认为以下两个因素起了关键作用。一个因素是“更快速、更精细、更高分辨率、更高时间分辨率”的研究方向。另一方面,如果追求这样的研究方向,即使相机具有很高的时间分辨率和空间分辨率,最终也只能得到狭窄的视野。我们正在进入 4K 和 8K 显示的时代,我希望极光观测也能达到同样的水平,并希望拥有一台可以达到这一水平的相机。
另一个因素则是,极光是一种发生在地球上不同地方的现象,因此我们希望在多个点位部署相机,使各相机视野范围相互重叠,并通过网络将所有相机连接,以捕捉高时间分辨率和高空间分辨率的图像。例如,从单个地点可以看到的极光面积约为 500 平方公里。然而,即使你前往下一个经度,无论南北,你都可能连续看到极光。为了观测这类极光,近年来一种称为网络的方法已高度发展,该方法通过在全球各地部署大量相机,以实现对极光的全球观测。我们不仅希望获取高空间分辨率和高时间分辨率的图像,还计划通过成排部署相机,在全球范围内观测极光的波动。为此,我们需要在多个地点安装高性能相机,我希望这一目标能够实现。
-您一直在给高中生做关于"宇宙天气"的讲座。日常工作中,您是否亲眼见过这样的事情?
我在大学工作,从事的是宇宙天气和宇宙天气预报相关的基础研究。普通天气预报是由 Japan Meteorological Agency 发布,而宇宙天气预报则是由日本 National Institute of Information and Communications Technology 发布。我们正在开展提升预测精度的基础研究以及宇宙环境变化的相关研究。在这些研究中,我们分析人造卫星数据和地面观测数据,并进行模拟,还在斯堪的纳维亚和北美安装 EM-CCD 和 CMOS 相机观察宇宙环境变化。
人们常说极光是“宇宙天气的一种表现”。例如,当太阳发生剧烈喷发时,会释放出远超地球体积的巨量等离子体,这些等离子体从太阳冲向地球。
此时,地球周围的空间就会受到干扰,形成“风暴”,这种风暴可能会影响卫星和通信。
当宇宙天气急剧恶化时,可能影响我们的高空飞行器。所以我们有时不得不采取各种应对措施,比如将飞越北极地区的航班改道至更低纬度区域,因为北极地区受宇宙天气扰动的影响风险更高。与此同时,极光可能比平时更加强烈,并且也可能出现在通常看不到极光的低纬度地区。
地球现象和宇宙现象相互关联,因此通过研究极光活动的变化规律,我们能够直接洞察太阳与地球之间的连接系统的动态演变过程,进而了解宇宙中正在发生的事情。这不仅是在研究极光。
我们将相机安装在 Poker Flat Research Range of the University of Alaska 的极光观测站
Yoshizumi Miyoshi, Ph.D.
Professor, Institute for space and earth environment, Nagoya University.
After graduating from the graduate school of science, Tohoku University, he was a research fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) and a visiting scholar at the University of New Hampshire, USA.
From 2004, he was a research associate and assistant professor at the Institute for Solar-Terrestrial Environmental Studies (now the Institute for Space and Earth Studies), Nagoya University, and then an associate professor before assuming his current position in 2018.
Project scientist of the JAXA ERG (Arase) satellite project.
Miyoshi specializes in space physics and terrestrial and planetary magnetospheric physics. He has been engaged in the analysis and simulation of satellite observation data and ultrafast imaging observations of aurorae.
He received the Young Scientist Award from the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, the Japan Geoscience Union’s Earth and Planetary Science Promotion Nishida Award, Society of Geomagnetism and Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences Tanakadate Award, the Inoue Science Award, and others.
*采访于 2020 年进行。
带 sCMOS 传感器的数字 CMOS 相机,专为科研用途而设计。与 ORCA-Flash4.0 相比,它具有更高的分辨率和灵敏度(尤其是在 NIR 区域)。(峰值 QE 为 82%)
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