2026 年 3 月 12 日发布
Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC) 高 10.4 米,是世上尺寸居首的先进望远镜之一。这架位于西班牙 La Palma 的巨型反射式望远镜由薄而轻的弯镜组建而成,可收集有关宇宙的宝贵信息。这些反射镜拥有光滑无暇的镜面,能够收集光线并将其聚焦到成像平面上。但是,为追求观测的清晰度和精准性,就必须对细节给予一丝不苟的关注,因为哪怕是微小的瑕疵,都可能让观测成果的黯然失色。
图 1. 开启圆顶的 Gran Telescopio Canarias 望远镜。
图片来源:Instituto de Astrofìsica de Canarias (IAC)。
GTC 的卓越性能得益于其独特的设计以及位于加那利群岛 La Palma 的 Roque de los Muchachos Observatory 得天独厚的地理位置,该天文台被誉为 Northern Hemisphere 上佳天文观测地之一。自 2009 年首次进行科学观测以来,GTC 在推动人类对黑洞、系外行星、暗物质及宇宙起源等基本天体物理现象的理解方面发挥了关键作用。
传统的望远镜技术仪器中使用的传感器是 CCD,然而,当 GTC 团队设计新的焦点站时,他们决定采用一种不同的模式:新增三个焦点站,一个 Cassegrain 焦点站和两个 Folded-Cassegrain 焦点站,每个焦点站都使用一个比 Nasmyth 焦点站所用仪器简单得多的单一技术仪器。
使用 CCD 的 Nasmyth 焦点站的三种旧仪器视图。
该技术仪器是一个宽视场低阶 Shack-Hartmann 波前传感器,在 sCMOS 相机的 1024 × 1024 像素上,通过 18 个瞳孔子孔径对 Ø20 角秒的视场进行采样。这种配置允许同时进行高达 200 fps 的慢速和快速引导,以及波前传感,为闭环主动光学系统提供数据。此外,视场足够大,可以进行视场获取,因为 GTC 的盲指向误差非常低。
为了装备这些新的技术仪器,GTC 团队向以高速、低噪声科学相机而闻名的滨松光子学株式会社寻求支持。与以往使用多个仪器不同,团队决定将它们整合为一个单元,改用滨松的板级 sCMOS 相机。这些 sCMOS 相机集成到更广泛的系统中后,因其低维护性和可靠性而成为理想之选。
相机提供的高灵敏度和高速性能,成为在望远镜的每个新焦点站内构建这一强大单元的关键特性。其结果是实现了长期低维护运行,使所有对科学观测至关重要的技术功能,包括获取、引导和精准控制望远镜对准,都得以实现。
上图所示仪器并非运行状态,仅用于尺寸比较。
GTC 观测了来自全球各地科学家提出的众多项目。自建成以来,GTC 助力取得了多项重大发现,每一项都令人叹为观止、震撼不已。其成就显著,包括在太阳系边缘的一颗矮行星周围发现新的环系统(图 2)、在银河系中心发现巨型黑洞(图 3),以及揭示宇宙中首批星系的形成(图 4)。
得益于安装在 GTC 上的超高速相机 Hipercam,当这些结构的材料遮挡了行星的亮度时,即可探测到这些环。
有关更多信息,请点击此处 [2]。
图 2. Quaoar 环系统的艺术构想图。图片来源:ESA、CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO
这颗被命名为 Quaoar 的矮行星环系统,大小约为冥王星的一半,在海王星之外的轨道上绕太阳运行。星环通常较少出现在小行星周围,而像夸 Quaorar 这样远离行星表面仍能维持的星环系统更为罕见。上图展示了重现这个环的图像。
图 3. 图中的色标显示了来自银河系中心一光年范围内丝状结构中的温暖尘埃颗粒和明亮恒星发出的红外(热)辐射量。图片来源:Roche et al. 2018, MNRAS, 476, 235
此外,GTC 还通过揭示银河系中心存在一个巨型黑洞(如图 3 所示),增进了我们对宇宙的理解。
迄今为止研究的大多数星系中心都有一个超大质量黑洞。我们银河系中心的黑洞质量约为太阳质量的四百万倍。这个巨型黑洞被称为人马座 A,距离地球约 26,500 光年,然而,由于视线方向上存在大量气体和尘埃,其观测受到阻碍。
但是,得益于 GTC 具有非常高空间分辨率的光谱、日冕和偏振功能红外检测能力,研究人员首次观察到了这个黑洞对其周围环境的影响。这包括对磁场的干扰以及对周围气体和恒星的加热(见图 3)。
图 3 中的色标显示了来自银河系中心一光年范围内丝状结构中的温暖尘埃颗粒和明亮恒星发出的红外辐射量。红外光的偏振追踪了含尘埃颗粒的热气体丝状结构中的磁场。
有关更多信息,请点击此处 [3]。
此外,GTC 还为理解宇宙现象,如 Abell 370 星系团(如图 4 所示)的结构和组成,提供了宝贵见解。
图 4. GTC+OSIRIS(左)与 Hubble Space Telescope(HST)(右)观测到的 Abell 370 星系团视图。图片来源:GRANTECAN/HST。
上图比较了 GTC+OSIRIS(左)与哈勃太空望远镜(HST)(右)观测到的 Abell 370 星系团中心。HST 的数据具有更好的空间分辨率,因为它们不受大气湍流的影响。但是,GTC 的数据更为深入,揭示了一些之前未知且未被哈勃太空望远镜探测到的星系的存在。Abell 370 是一个距离地球约 600 万光年的星系团。其核心由数百个星系组成,这些星系像引力透镜一样,扭曲并放大了其背后的宇宙,宛若天然望远镜。这样,天文学家就可以研究早期宇宙中形成的首批星系、恒星和其他结构——这些目标原本因亮度微弱而难以观测。
有关更多信息,请点击此处 [4]。
致谢:GTC 的这些新技术仪器的设计与实施,得到了 European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) 在加那利群岛运营计划(2014-2020 年)的资助。
Head of Development Group at Gran Telescopio Canarias S.A.F. Javier Castro López Tarruella has spent all his professional career working on telescopes.
He joined the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias in 1991 to work on the proposal for an 8-10 m telescope for the Canarian observatories. Once the project was funded, he joined GRANTECAN S.A. in 1996 as head of the Optics Group for the construction of the GTC telescope. Once the construction of the GTC was completed and the operation of the telescope started, he became responsible for the new developments for the GTC. He has participated in design reviews for the next generation of telescopes as TMT and the E-ELT and has been a consultant for several companies developing telescope subsystems.
*本页显示的内容为采访时的可用信息。
[1] B. Morgado et al. "A dense ring of the trans-Neptunian object Quaoar outside its Roche limit." | Nature, volume 614, pages 239–243 (2023): www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05629-6
[2] "El Gran Telescopio Canarias juega un papel fundamental en el descubrimiento del anillo del planeta enano Quaoar" | Instituto de Astrofìsica de Canarias (IAC), (16/02/2023): https://www.iac.es/es/divulgacion/noticias/el-gran-telescopio-canarias-juega-un-papel-fundamental-en-el-descubrimiento-del-anillo-del-planeta
[3] "CanariCam studies the polarization produced by the gas and dust around the black hole at the centre of the Milky Way" | Instituto de Astro- fìsica de Canarias (IAC), (02/20/2018): https://www.iac.es/en/outreach/news/canaricam-studies-polarization-produced-gas-and-dust-around-black-hole-centre-milky-way
[4] SCIENCE COMMUNICATION AND OUTREACH UNIT, "Images from the Hubble Space Telescope and GRANTECAN help to show how the first galaxies were formed" | nstituto de Astrofìsica de Canarias(IAC), (10/21/2021): https://www.iac.es/en/outreach/news/images-hubble-space-telescope-and-grantecan-help-show-how-first-galaxies-were-formed
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